Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany
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Antisemitism is a growing problem in 21st-century Germany.[1]
Definition
[edit]In May 2016, a new definition of antisemitism (the Working Definition of Antisemitism) was agreed upon at the Berlin-based International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) Conference, stating that "holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel" is antisemitic.[2]
Context
[edit]In 1998, Ignatz Bubis, a leader of the German Jewish community, pointed to a "spreading intellectual nationalism" that made him fear a revival of German antisemitism.[3] Others point to Germany's growing Muslim population, both the Turkish "guest workers" who began to arrive in the 1950s, and the large wave of migrants from Muslim countries who arrived during the European migrant crisis that began in 2015.[4][5] In 2002, the historian Julius Schoeps said that "resolutions by the German parliament to reject antisemitism are drivel of the worst kind" and "all those ineffective actions are presented to the world as a strong defense against the charge of antisemitism. The truth is: no one is really interested in these matters. No one really cares."[6]
Extent
[edit]A 2012 poll showed that 18% of the Turks in Germany think of Jews as inferior human beings.[7][8] A similar study found that most of Germany's native born Muslim youth and children of immigrants have antisemitic views.[9]
In 2014, antisemitic activities in Germany prompted the German Chancellor Angela Merkel to lead a rally in Berlin against antisemitism in Germany.[10] In that same year, about 3,500 people rallied in front of the Frankfurt City Hall to protest against a wave of antisemitic incidents in Germany. A few hundred of the protesters were from the Kurdish-Israeli Friendship Association. According to the JTA, "Merkel expressed her support for the event in a letter."[11]
The number of crimes against Jews and Jewish institutions continued to increase in 2018.[12] In a 2018 survey conducted by the European Union, 85% of Jewish respondents in Germany said that antisemitism was a "very big" or "fairly big" issue, and 89% said that antisemitism had become a worse problem in the last five years.[1] In February 2019, crime data released by the government for 2018 and published in Der Tagesspiegel showed a yearly increase of 10%, with 1,646 crimes linked to a hatred of Jews in 2018, with the totals not finalised as yet. There was a 60% rise in physical attacks (62 violent incidents, vs 37 in 2017). Germany also reported a new record of cases linked to hatred of Jews in 2020, with 2,275 crimes with an antisemitic background until the end of January 2021.[13]
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A June 2024 survey found that antisemitism in Germany was very high, citing an enormity of "extreme violence", with as much as an 83% spike in antisemitic incidents when compared to the preceding year. In 2023 alone, 5,164 antisemitic offenses were recorded by the Federal Police.[15][16][17][18][19][20]
Characteristics of antisemites in Germany
[edit]As per German police statistics, over 90 percent of antisemitic incidents are committed by "followers of the far right". However, government officials and Jewish community leaders doubt the figure, because cases with unknown perpetrators and some kinds of attacks get automatically classified as "far right".[21]
A 2017 study on Jewish perspectives on antisemitism in Germany by Bielefeld University found that individuals and groups belonging to the extreme right and extreme left were equally represented as perpetrators of antisemitic harassment and assault, while the largest part of the attacks were committed by Muslim assailants. The study also found that 70% of the participants feared a rise in antisemitism due to immigration, citing the antisemitic views of some of the refugees.[22]
A study among Jews, published by the European Union in 2018, has also listed Muslims as the biggest perpetrators of antisemitic incidents in Germany. 41% of such attacks were committed by extremist Muslims, 20% by far-right and 16% by far-left extremists.[23] In its 2017 summary, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) concluded that antisemitic rhetoric spread by Islamist organizations posed a significant challenge to the contemporary peaceful and tolerant society of Germany.[24]
Incidents
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In January 2017, a German court in Wuppertal upheld the 2015 decision of a lower court which deemed an attempt by three Muslim attackers to burn down a synagogue in 2014 on the anniversary of the Kristallnacht "a means of drawing attention to the Gaza conflict with Israel".[2] The offenders were not sent to prison.[2] The German regional court ruled that the actions of the three perpetrators were "governed by anti-Israelism and not antisemitism". The attackers subsequently received suspended sentences.[2] Green Party MP Volker Beck protested the ruling, saying: "This is a decision as far as the motives of the perpetrators are concerned. What do Jews in Germany have to do with the Middle East conflict? Every bit as much as Christians, non-religious people or Muslims in Germany, namely, absolutely nothing. The ignorance of the judiciary toward antisemitism is for many Jews in Germany especially alarming."[2]
Dr. Moshe Kantor, president of the European Jewish Congress, said:[2]
It is unbelievable that attempts to burn a synagogue have been equated with displeasure of Israeli government policies...This has now given a carte blanche to antisemites across Germany to attack Jews because a German court has given them a ready justification.
In 2018, an Arab Israeli who wore a kippah was assaulted. The incident was recorded and the video went viral.[25][26][27]
In 2018, the Echo Music Prize was awarded to rappers who featured antisemitic clichés in their lyrics. As a result of protests from artists and the press, the award was discontinued.[28]
On 9 October 2019, a lone gunman attacked a synagogue in Halle during the Yom Kippur, while two doors of the synagogue were damaged when improvised explosives set off. The attacker shot dead a man and a woman near a Turkish kebab shop.[29]
In September 2021, German police averted a possible Islamic attack on a synagogue in Hagen during Yom Kippur services, arresting four people including a 16-year-old Syrian youth.[30]
During an April 2023 pro-Palestine protest, observers recorded numerous antisemitic chants, including "Death to the Jews".[31][32] The Berlin Police have confirmed they are investigating charges of Volksverhetzung;[31] two pro-Palestine rallies planned for the following weekend were cancelled.[33]
On 18 October 2023, 11 days after the Hamas-led October 7 massacres that killed over 1,200, a Berlin synagogue was firebombed with molotovs following the 2023 Israel–Hamas war by two masked men.[34][35][36] Since the escalation of the Israel–Hamas war in October 2023, there has been a surge in antisemitic incidents on a scale unseen in years.[37][38][39][40]
On 2 February 2024, a pro-Palestinian college student in Berlin assaulted a Jewish classmate to the point of hospitalization following an altercation over the Israel-Hamas war. According to the German police, the Jewish student was punched repeatedly in the face until he fell to the ground after which was he was kicked while lying on the floor. The attackers subsequently fled the scene. The victim suffered facial fractures, while the attacker was located and arrested. The victim is reportedly the grandson of Amitzur Shapira, an Israeli athletics coach murdered by the Black September terrorists in the 1972 Munich massacre.[41][42]
On 5 April 2024, an unknown individual threw an incendiary device at the door of a synagogue in the northern city of Oldenburg, causing a small blaze and minor damage. German police have offered a cash reward for information about the arson attack.[43]
According to a Jewish Independent article on 21 May 2024, Jewish parents living in Berlin's suburbs started enrolling their kids at Jewish schools in Mitte, Berlin due to fears of rising antisemitism. The children of the parents concerned are enrolled at the schools closest to where they live, but they passed up the automatic registration for their children's local high school in favour of sending them to a school far from their place of residence for the alleged reason that it was protected by an Israeli guard, German policemen and an enclosed wall, while there are usually no guards at Berlin schools.[44]
In late June 2024, an Israeli couple in their early 20s was assaulted in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after being heard speaking Hebrew by an Arabic speaking assailant. The assailant shouted abuses at them, threw a bottle and a chair at the woman, followed by punches on the man who rose in her defense. The assailant fled the scene afterwards.[45]
On 5 September 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre, a suspected terrorist opened fire at the Israeli consulate and adjacent Nazi Documentation Centre in Munich before being shot dead by police.[46][47][48]
See also
[edit]- Secondary antisemitism
- Antisemitism in Europe
- Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century
- Antisemitism in 21st-century France
- Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy
- Antisemitism in contemporary Austria
- Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium
- Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary
- Geography of antisemitism
- Germany–Israel relations
References
[edit]- ^ a b Angelos, James (21 May 2019). "The New German Anti-Semitism". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Hana Levi Julian (2017-01-14). "German Court Rules No Jail for Muslim Synagogue Arsonists". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
- ^ Cohen, Roger (10 November 1998). "Anniversary Sets Germans To Quarreling On Holocaust". New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ Davis, Austin (21 December 2017). "Anti-Semitism is still alive in Germany as Jews face 'disturbing' discrimination". USA Today. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ Gunter Jikeli, "Antisemitism Among Young European Muslims," Chapter 10 in Alvin Hirsch Rosenfeld, Resurgent Antisemitism: Global Perspectives, Indiana University Press, 1993.
- ^ Interview with Julius Schoeps (German). Berlin-judentum.de. Retrieved on 2012-06-01.
- ^ Liljeberg Research International: Deutsch-Türkische Lebens und Wertewelten 2012 Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, July/August 2012, p. 68
- ^ Die Welt: Türkische Migranten hoffen auf muslimische Mehrheit, 17 August 2012, retrieved 23 August 2012
- ^ "Israeli flag burning prompts German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel to back outlawing it". DW News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ Yardley, Jim. "Europe’s Anti-Semitism Comes Out of the Shadows." New York Times. 23 September 2014. 24 September 2014.
- ^ "Thousands Rally in Frankfurt Against Anti-Semitism." Jewish Journal. 2 September 2014. 5 September 2014.
- ^ "Anti-Semitic crimes increase dramatically in Germany". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ "Anti-Semitism: Germany sees '10% jump in offences' in 2018". BBC. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ Andreas Zick, Andreas Hövermann, Silke Jensen, Julia Bernstein (2017). Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus (PDF). Bielefeld: Universität Bielefeld. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2018.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Number of anti-Semitic offenses recorded by the police in Germany 2001-2023". Statista.
- ^ Nöstlinger, Nette (25 June 2024). "Germany records sharp rise in antisemitic incidents". Politico. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Germany - Events of 2022". Human Rights Watch.
- ^ "Report shows 80% rise in antisemitic cases in Germany, with sharp increase after Oct. 7". The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Antisemitic incidents in Germany almost double, report says". Euronews.
- ^ "Antisemitism rose more than 80% in Germany last year, watchdog says". Reuters.
- ^ Witte, Griff; Beck, Lusia (28 April 2018). "After a refugee influx, does Germany have an imported anti-Semitism problem?". Washington Post.
- ^ Andreas Zick, Andreas Hövermann, Silke Jensen, Julia Bernstein (2017). Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus (PDF). Bielefeld: Universität Bielefeld. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2018.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Salzen, Claudia von; Hackenbruch, Felix (10 December 2018). "Antisemitismus-Studie der EU - Juden in Deutschland fühlen sich zunehmend unsicher". Der Tagesspiegel Online.
- ^ "Verfassungsschutzbericht 2017 Fakten und Tendenzen (Kurzzusammenfassung)". Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (in German). 2018-07-24. p. 30. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
- ^ Eddy, Melissa; Curry, Andrew (18 April 2018). "Fury in Germany as Rap Duo With Anti-Jewish Lyrics Gets Award". New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ "'Jewish Man' Attacked in Berlin Admits He's an Israeli-Arab Who Didn't Believe Germany Was anti-Semitic". Haaretz. DPA, AP. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ "Rabbis push back against warning not to wear kippas in Germany, urge action". The Times of Israel. 25 April 2018.
- ^ Tsioulcas, Anastasia (April 19, 2018). "Charges Of Anti-Semitism Roil German Music Awards". NPR. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
- ^ "German synagogue shooting was far-right terror, justice minister says". BBC News. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ "Yom Kippur attack on German synagogue averted by police". Jerusalem Post. Reuters. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Polizei ermittelt nach Palästinenser-Demo wegen Verdachts der Volksverhetzung" [Police investigate after Palestinian demonstration on suspicion of incitement of the people]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). 11 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ "Staatsschutz ermittelt nach Palästinenser-Demo in Berlin" [State security investigates after Palestinian demonstration in Berlin]. ZDF (in German). 10 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ "Berlin: Polizei verbietet Palästinenser-Demos nach antisemitischen Parolen" [Berlin: Police ban Palestinian demonstrations after anti-Semitic slogans]. RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland (in German). 13 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ "Berlin synagogue firebombed, with antisemitism spiking as Gaza war rages". The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Police investigate 2 Molotov cocktail bombs thrown at German synagogue". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
- ^ Hülsemann, Laura (October 18, 2023). "Berlin synagogue firebombed: Olaf Scholz condemns attack". Politico. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
- ^ Diehl, Jörg; Diening, Deike; Großekathöfer, Maik; Rapp, Tobias; Wiedmann-Schmidt, Wolf (27 October 2023). "A New Wave of Anti-Semitism Sweeps Across Germany". Spiegel. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Olaf Scholz vows to fight antisemitism after Berlin synagogue firebombed". The Guardian.
- ^ "The German chancellor condemns a firebomb attack on a Berlin synagogue and vows protection for Jews". AP News.
- ^ "Synagogues in Berlin, Tunisia targeted with fire attacks as hate crimes soar in wake of Israel-Hamas war". JURIST Legal News.
- ^ "Jewish university student in Berlin badly beaten by classmate in fight over Hamas war". The Times of Israel.
- ^ "An argument over the Middle East conflict leaves a Jewish student hospitalized in Berlin". ABC News. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ "Germany: Police offer €5,000 for synagogue attack tips". Deutsche Welle. 2024-04-11.
- ^ "The surprising trend among anxious Jewish parents in Berlin". Jewish Independent.
- ^ "Israelis attacked in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after speaking Hebrew". Ynetnews.
- ^ Starr, Michael (5 September 2024). "Suspect shoots at Israeli consulate in Munich on Olympic massacre anniversary". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
- ^ "Germany: Munich police shoot suspect near Israeli Consulate". DW. 5 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
- ^ "Munich police kill man who opened fire near Israeli consulate". The Guardian.