Jump to content

Automotive industry in Argentina

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The automotive industry in Argentina is the third largest in Latin America, driving 3% of GDP, 10% of total industrial production, and 10% of total exports in 2023.[1] With a dozen global multinationals[2] and over 200 auto parts[3] companies operating in the country, Argentina's automotive sector is a sophisticated and technologically advanced industry. Argentina has also emerged as a regional production hub in Latin America, exporting over USD $8 billion annually[4] in passenger vehicles, light and heavy commercial vehicles, trucks, motorcycles, and parts primarily to Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Central America.[5]

Motor vehicle and auto parts manufacturers are major employers in a country that has struggled to create registered private sector employment. Over 25,000 Argentines were employed by motor vehicle manufacturers in 2023[6] with additional 48,000 employed by the auto parts sector.[2]

Two major industrial associations represent Argentine automotive manufacturers. The Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores (ADEFA) was founded in 1961 to represent motor vehicle manufacturers[7] and is a member of the International Automobile Manufacturers Association (OICA) based in Paris. Auto parts manufacturers are represented by the Asociación de Fábricas Argentinas de Componentes (AFAC), which was founded in 1939.[8]

In addition to multinational automakers, several Argentine-owned auto manufacturers operate in the country, including Materfer,[9] ТАТ SA,[10] Helvetica,[11] Crespi, and PurSang,[12] primarily as producers of replicas of classic cars.

History

[edit]

Early industry

[edit]

Motor vehicle assembly in Argentina started in the early twentieth century when local entrepreneur Horacio Anasagasti operated a workshop from 1906 to 1911 that produced custom vehicles using imported European parts.[13] A commercial scale industry was launched in 1913 with the opening of a Ford plant in the Barracas neighborhood of Buenos Aires that assembled imported knock down kits. By 1920, Ford's Argentine operations had grown to 1,500 employees due to rising demand for cars in South America.[14]

Until the mid-1950s, virtually all motor vehicles in Argentina were imported either as fully assembled vehicles or knock-down kits, which made consumption vulnerable to disruption. From 1925 to 1929, Argentina imported an average of 60,000 motor vehicles per year, which fell to under 10,000 annually in 1932-33 due to the Great Depression and under 500 annually from 1943-1945 due to World War II. Under the Perón regime, imports briefly surged to 80,000 units in 1947 but were restricted to an average of only 9,000 units annually from 1949 to 1955 due to recurring balance of payments crises.[15]

Domestic production started in 1952 when Mercedes-Benz's commercial trucks division opened a chassis manufacturing facility at González Catán in Buenos Aires Province that was the company's first integrated production plant outside of Germany.[13] A large-scale passenger vehicle industry was established in 1955 when the Perón regime and American businessman Henry J. Kaiser formed a joint venture between state-owned Industrias Aeronáuticas y Mecánicas del Estado (IAME) and Kaiser-Frazer Automobile Co. Known as Industrias Kaiser Argentina (IKA), the joint venture was capitalized by a contribution of second-hand equipment by Kaiser, a cash investment by IAME, and a local share offering. The first Argentine manufactured Jeep rolled off the assembly line at IKA's plant at Córdoba in April 1956.[16]

Building a modern industry

[edit]

Even with the establishment of IKA as a national champion, fewer than 30,000 vehicles were produced in 1958. Viewing the motor vehicle industry as an important pillar of an economic policy known as developmentalism, the Frondizi administration enacted Decree 3693/59 in 1959 to stimulate national production. Commonly known as the Regime for the Promotion of the Automotive Industry, the decree significantly reduced the allowable import content for assembled vehicles. The government approved applications by over 20 foreign and domestic companies to build production facilities.

Surviving the economic downturn

[edit]

[This section will cover 1975-1990, including trade liberalization under the military administration in the 1970s and the first bilateral agreements between Brazil and Argentina in the 1980s.]

Regional integration

[edit]

Integration between the automotive industries of Argentina and Brazil has deepened since the 1990s through gradual liberalization and managed trade agreements. Although the 1991 Treaty of Asunción, which established the Mercosur trading bloc, specifically excluded the automotive sector, the Common Market Council (Mercosur's highest decision-marking authority) issued Decision 29/94 in December 1994 calling for a common automotive regime by January 1, 2000.[17]

An industry expert observed that the Argentine and Brazilian automotive sectors are "actually a single industry spread across two countries."[18]

In 2019, Brazil and Argentina renewed their bilateral auto trade agreement with the goal of free trade by 2029. In the meantime, Brazil can increase its exports to Argentina under the so-called flex agreement that limits Brazil to selling $1.50 to Argentina for every $1.00 that it buys from Argentina; this ratio will increase to $3.00 by July 2028.[19]

The two governments entered an agreement in August 2022 to reduce non-tariff barriers by recognizing technical certifications for vehicle safety issued by the other country, which authorities claimed would result in a USD $13 billion increase in bilateral automotive trade by 2040.[20]

Automakers in Argentina

[edit]

Local subsidiaries of American, European, and Japanese vehicle manufacturers dominate Argentina’s automotive industry. Of the dozen multinationals that operate in the country, eight focus on passenger vehicles and the remaining four on the commercial segment. The industry operates primarily in the Greater Buenos Aires area and in Córdoba province.

Toyota Argentina S.A. is the industry leader, having ranked as the top-selling brand in Argentina since 2021. Local production started in 1997 at Zárate in Buenos Aires province with 800 employees and annual production of 10,000 units, half of which were exported to Brazil.[21] Today, the Zárate plant has 6,000 employees and produces 180,000 units of the Hilux pickup truck and SW4 SUV per year. Eighty percent of Toyota’s local production is exported to 22 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.[22] In February 2024, Toyota announced a USD $50 million investment to start assembling the Hiace van using imported kits from Japan.[23]

Ford Motor Argentina is the oldest operating automaker in the country with a history dating back over a century. The company’s Pacheco Stamping and Assembly facility at General Pacheco in Buenos Aires province has been Ford’s sole plant in South America since 2021, when the company ceased manufacturing operations in Brazil.[24] The Pacheco plant has 3,800 employees and is solely dedicated to assembling Ford Ranger pickup trucks.[25] Over 70% of production is exported.[26] In June 2024, Ford started producing Ford Ranger engines for export at Pacheco as well.[27]

General Motors de Argentina also dates back to the 1920s although the company ceased operations in the country from 1978 to 1994. The company’s current plant at Alvear in Santa Fe province opened in 1997[28] and is solely dedicated to the Chevy Tracker SUV;[29] 80% of production is exported.[30] GM also produces parts and powertrains for the Chevy Cruze compact car at Alvear; however, Cruze assembly was discontinued at the end of 2023.[31]

Mercedes-Benz Argentina was launched in the early 1950s with the company’s first integrated production plant outside of Germany. Today, Mercedes-Benz employs 2,000 people and operates a plant at Virrey del Pino, La Matanza Partido in Buenos Aires province focused on Sprinter van production.[32] The plant exports 70% of its production,[33] including right-hand drive assembled vehicles to Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, and CKD (completely knocked down) kits to NAFTA markets.[34]

Daimler Truck, a commercial vehicle manufacturer spun off from Mercedes-Benz Group in 2021, also operates a plant at Virrey del Pino, La Matanza Partido that produces Atego and Accelo light trucks as well as engines and gearboxes.[35] In 2024, the company announced plans to build a new production facility at Zárate that would open in Q1 2026.[36]

Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi (RNM) Alliance has operated in Argentina since 1967 when Renault acquired a controlling stake in IKA, which had previously assembled Renault vehicles under a licensing agreement. RNM’s facility at Santa Isabel in Córdoba province has 1,980 employees and produces 80,000 units of Renault passenger vehicles (Kangoo 2, Sandero 2, Logan 2, and Alaskan)[37] and 20,000 units of the Nissan Frontier pickup truck annually. 50% of Nissan Frontier production is exported to other Latin American countries, including Brazil, Chile, and Colombia.[38] In September 2024, Renault announced a USD $350 million investment and 850 new jobs at its Santa Isabel facility to assemble a new half-ton pickup truck; 65-70% of production will be exported.[39]

Stellantis Argentina S.A.’s local operations started in 1954 when predecessor Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. started producing tractors in the country. Stellantis today operates assembly plants at El Palomar in Buenos Aires province and Ferreyra in Córdoba province. As part of its global investment planning, Stellantis announced a USD $270 million investment at El Palomar in April 2024[40] and a further USD $385 million at Ferreyra in September 2024.[41] Stellantis has also made strategic investments in Argentina to support its global net zero goals, including USD $155 million for a 14.2% stake in a sustainable copper mine project at Los Azules in February 2023,[42] USD $90 million for a 19.9% stake in lithium producer Argentina Litio y Energia in September 2023,[43] and USD $100 million for a 49.5% stake in 360 Energy Solar (one of Argentina’s leading solar power producers) in April 2024.[44]

Volkswagen Argentina entered the country in 1980 when the German parent company acquired the local subsidiary of Chrysler (now part of Stellantis). Volkswagen Argentina employs 5,000 people and operates plants at Córdoba and at General Pacheco in Buenos Aires province. The Pacheco facility focuses on Taos and Amarok vehicles and assembled 76,900 units in 2023.[45] At Córdoba, Volkswagen produces gearboxes, Ducati motorcycles, trucks, and buses. Truck and bus production started in 2024 and will replace units currently imported from Brazil.[46]

Honda Motor de Argentina S.A. is the most recent entrant in the country, having launched motorcycle production in 2006[47] and motor vehicle assembly in 2009.[48] The company’s plant at Campana in Buenos Aires province now focuses solely on motorcycles after Honda ended automobile production in 2020.[49] The facility has 1,240 employees and produces 150,000 units annually for both the domestic market and for export throughout Latin America and Africa.[50] In August 2024, Honda announced a USD $15 million investment at its Campana plant to export parts to Brazil.[51]

Scania AB operates the only automotive assembly facility in Argentina outside of the Littoral region. The company’s plant at Colombres in Tucumán province, which opened in 1976,[52] focuses on truck and bus parts and has 600 employees and 200 contractors.[53] The facility exports 100% of its production, primarily to Brazil.[54]

Iveco operates a commercial vehicle plant at Ferreyra that exports 10% of its production to Latin America and Asia.[55][56] Iveco affiliate FPT Industrial operates a engine and powertrain manufacturing facility at Córdoba that exports 80% of its annual production.[57]

Foreign trade

[edit]

Prior to 2019, the automotive industry operated with a significant trade deficit that averaged over USD $6 billion per year from 2016 to 2018. However, the economic downturn that started in late 2018 reduced imports while increasing the amount of capacity available for exports; as a result, the sector's annual trade deficit has averaged only USD $60 million since 2019.[58][59][60][61]

Brazil is the top export destination, purchasing over 60% of Argentine vehicle exports, with most of the remainder sold to Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Central America.

Industry challenges

[edit]

Productivity

[edit]

Like much of Argentina's manufacturing sector, Argentina's automotive industry suffers from low productivity by global standards. Labor productivity during the period 2010-2018 for motor vehicle production in Argentina was estimated to be 10-15% lower than in Brazil and India, 55% lower than in Mexico, and 65% lower than in Thailand.[62]

Productivity challenges in the Argentine motor vehicle industry are partly due to limited economies of scale. Experts believe that an automotive assembly plant requires annual production volume of at least 100,000 to 300,000 units in order to achieve scale efficiencies.[63] In Argentina, only Toyota's Zárate assembly plant, which produced over 180,000 vehicles in 2023, has sufficient scale to be globally competitive. By contrast, the local subsidiaries of General Motors, Ford, Volkswagen, Stellantis, and Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi produced an average of only 60,000 units per assembly facility in 2023.[64]

However, scale is not the only driver of Argentina's low productivity. Toyota has disclosed that key performance indicators such as operational availability, employee absenteeism, and defects per vehicle at its Zárate facility significantly lagged company benchmarks between 2006 and 2010.[65] The company publicly stated in 2021 that a shortage of skilled labor was an obstacle to its expansion plans in the country and elaborated that many of its job candidates had not completed their secondary education and in some cases lacked basic literacy skills.[66]

Sustainability

[edit]

Despite holding large reserves of lithium and copper, Argentina is a marginal player in the production of electric and hybrid vehicles. Argentine automotive exports focus on SUVs and pickup trucks, which have lost share to Chinese-made vehicles in the important Brazilian market as consumers there switch to inexpensive electric vehicles (EVs). As a result, during the first eight months of 2024, the proportion of Brazilian automotive imports sourced in Argentina decreased to 46% of total vs. 65% for the same period in 2023. Meanwhile, the share of Brazilian imports from China soared from 8% to 26% of total during the same time period, with most of the increase consisting of EVs.[67]

To date, the EV revolution in Argentina has been led by small-scale local entrepreneurs such as CORADIR, which delivered 500 units of its Tito model during 2023.[68] Domestic production of electric buses also launched in August 2024 when bus operator DOTA S.A. placed an order for the first five zero-emissions MT17.0e buses to be assembled by local manufacturers Agrale and Todo Bus in partnership with British electric drivetrain producer Equipmake.[69]

However, global EV manufacturers have yet to establish operations at scale in Argentina. An announcement by Chery in February 2023 to invest USD $400 million in an Argentine assembly plant[70] has not been followed up publicly by the company and is not currently mentioned on the website of its Argentine subsidiary.[71] Local expectations (or perhaps wishful thinking) that Tesla might open an assembly plant in Argentina emerged after CEO Elon Musk posted on X in May 2024: “I recommend investing in Argentina;”[72] as of September 2024, Tesla has not announced an investment in the country.

Meanwhile, a plan by the outgoing Fernández administration to launch lithium cell and battery manufacturing by UniLiB, a joint venture between state oil giant YPF and the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, was suspended by President Javier Milei amid concerns about the economic viability of the project.[73] As a result, Argentina’s participation in the green transition is primarily as a raw materials producer, exemplified by Stellantis’ investments in copper and lithium assets in the country.

Recent developments

[edit]

Argentina’s automotive industry has been severely impacted by the economic downturn that started in mid-2023. During the first seven months of 2024, total automotive industry production at constant prices decreased by -18.3% compared to the same period in 2023.[74]

Exports declined by -8.9% during the first seven months of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 due to reduced shipments to Chile, Colombia, and Peru.[11]

Automakers have been impacted by the scarcity of foreign currency available to buy imported parts, resulting in production shutdowns for several manufacturers in early 2024. General Motors’ Alvear plant suspended production from December 29, 2023 to March 4, 2024.[75] Several manufacturers have implemented layoffs, including Toyota, which laid off 400 employees in March 2024,[76] and Volkswagen, which laid off 300 employees in August 2024.[77]

However, even in the midst of this severe downturn, Argentina's automotive sector continues to attract greenfield foreign direct investment. The first nine months of 2024 have seen announcements by Stellantis (USD $655 million), Renault (USD $300 million), Toyota (USD $50 million), and Honda (USD $15 million) for capital investment over the next five years in Argentina. These announcements demonstrate that global automakers remain confident about Argentina’s long-term potential as a market and regional production base.

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automotive industry in Argentina.
  1. ^ "Cuentas nacionales, Vol. 8, n° 16, Ingreso nacional y ahorro nacional, Año 2023" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). August 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b "Mission and Objectives". Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores (ADEFA). September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "Autopartes: una de las industrias más importantes del país". Asociación de Fábricas Argentinas de Componentes (AFAC). September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ "Comercio exterior, Vol. 8, n° 13, Intercambio comercial argentino, Cifras estimadas de julio de 2024" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). August 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ "Informe de Prensa: Evolución de la Producción, Exportaciones y Ventas a Concesionarios" (PDF). Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores (ADEFA). August 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "Anuario 2023: Datos Básicos" (PDF). Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores (ADEFA). September 22, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ "Misión y Objetivos. QUIENES SOMOS". Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores (ADEFA). September 22, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "¿Por qué la venta de vehículos y autopartes de seguridad, nacionales e importados, tienen exigencias de certificaciones en los países desarrollados?". Asociación de Fábricas Argentinas de Componentes (AFAC). September 4, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ ::: Materfer :::
  10. ^ "Fábrica de carrocerías de buses y camiones (Terminal Automotriz) | Tecnología Avanzada en Transporte S.A. - TATSA". Archived from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  11. ^ a b Helvética remolques
  12. ^ :: Establecimiento PurSang Argentina ::
  13. ^ a b 1966: 1.000.000 de automotores argentinos (PDF) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores. 1967. p. 2.
  14. ^ "Los primeros años de Ford en Argentina". Ford Argentina. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  15. ^ 1966: 1.000.000 de automotores argentinos (PDF) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores. 1967. p. 19.
  16. ^ MacDonald, Norbert (1988). "Henry J. Kaiser and the Establishment of an Automobile Industry in Argentina". Business History. 30 (3): 337–340 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  17. ^ O'Keefe (1) and Haar (2), Thomas (1) and Jerry (2) (September 2001). "The Impact of MERCOSUR on the Automobile Industry". The North-South Agenda.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Watanabe, Marta (April 8, 2024). "China surpasses Argentina, supplying 40% of Brazil's imported cars". Valor International. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ "Brazil-Argentina new auto pact postpones free trade until 2029". Reuters. September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ Martinez, Juan (August 23, 2022). "Brazil-Argentina agreement to boost auto trade by US$13 billion, says government". The Rio Times. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ "First Car Lined Off at Toyota Argentina's Zarate Plant". Toyota Motor Corporation Press Releases. December 10, 1996. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ "Toyota". Autohistoria. September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  23. ^ Cristófalo, Carlos (February 16, 2024). "Toyota comenzó a ensamblar la Hiace en Argentina". Motor1.com. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ "FORD ADVANCES SOUTH AMERICA RESTRUCTURING; WILL CEASE MANUFACTURING IN BRAZIL, SERVE CUSTOMERS WITH NEW LINEUP". Ford Motor Company Press Releases. January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ "Ford Motor Company Pacheco Assembly Plant – Pacheco, Argentina". Ford Authority. September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  26. ^ Foote, Brett (March 17, 2022). "FORD PACHECO ASSEMBLY PLANT EXPORTING RANGER TRUCKS FOR FIRST TIME". Ford Authority. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ^ Ferraresi, Fabio (June 18, 2024). "Ford To Manufacture Ranger Engines in Argentina". Power Systems Research. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  28. ^ "GM CELEBRA 25 AÑOS DE PRODUCCIÓN EN SANTA FE". General Motors Corporation Press Release. November 30, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ Centeno, Deivis (March 5, 2024). "Production Restarts At GM Alvear Plant In Argentina". GM Authority. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ^ Centeno, Deivis (June 16, 2023). "GM To Increase Chevy Tracker Production In Argentina". GM Authority. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "General Motors Alvear Plant". GM Authority. September 22, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ "Sobre nosotros. Bienvenidos a Mercedes-Benz Argentina". Mercedes-Benz Argentina. September 22, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ^ "German companies confirmed investments in Argentina". Buenos Aires Herald. April 28, 2023. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ "Facts and figures: Mercedes-Benz Plant Buenos Aires". Mercedes-Benz Group AG. September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ^ "Mercedes-Benz celebrates 70 years of production in Argentina". Automotive World. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ "Mercedes-Benz Buses will build a new facility in Argentina by 2026". Busworld Latin America. April 3, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ^ "Córdoba Plant". Renault Group. September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ Smith, Federico (June 4, 2024). "Nissan Frontier: 100 Mil Unidades Producidas En Córdoba". Motorweb Argentina. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ^ "Renault Argentina announces $350 mln investment to build new pickup model". Reuters. September 17, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ Estigarríbia, Juliana (April 25, 2024). "Stellantis Will Invest Billions to Manufacture New Models in Brazil, Argentina". Bloomberg Línea. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  41. ^ "Stellantis to invest $385 mln in Argentine plant". Reuters. September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ^ "Stellantis Announces Strategic Copper Investment in Argentina, Reinforcing Commitment to Reaching Carbon Net Zero by 2038". Stellantis N.V. Press Releases. February 27, 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ^ "Argentina Lithium Announces US$90 Million Investment by Stellantis in ARS$ Equivalent". Argentina Lithium & Energy Corp. press release. September 27, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ^ "Stellantis to acquire stake in Argentina solar power firm in green energy push". Reuters. April 17, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. ^ "Volkswagen Argentina S.A." Volkswagen Newsroom. January 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  46. ^ Aldaya, Francisco (December 15, 2022). "Volkswagen to Begin Manufacturing Buses, Trucks In Argentina". Bloomberg Línea. Retrieved September 9, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ^ "Honda to Begin Motorcycle Production in Argentina". Honda Motor Company Press Release. December 12, 2005. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ "Honda to invest $100 mln to make cars in Argentina". Reuters. August 9, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ^ "Honda Announces Changes in Production Operations in Argentina". Honda Motor Company press release. August 14, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ^ "Honda Motor de Argentina S.A." Honda Motor Company. September 21, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  51. ^ Ceriotto, Luis (August 21, 2024). "Honda invierte US$ 15 millones para exportar a Brasil piezas para motos". Clarín. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  52. ^ "1976: New production facility in Argentina". Scania Group. September 22, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ^ "Smata, en alerta por despidos en la planta de Scania Tucumán, concesionarias y talleres". La Gaceta. July 4, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  54. ^ Schillaci, Pablo (September 2024). "Oscar Jaern, CEO de Scania Argentina. "Tucumán produce a todo vapor"". VisionAuto. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  55. ^ Pereyra, Carlos Alfredo (August 8, 2022). "Iveco Argentina: cifras de crecimiento y anuncios de proyectos". Motor1.com. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  56. ^ "Iveco en Argentina". Iveco. September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  57. ^ "Iveco se presentó como empresa independiente en la Argentina". Iveco Group. September 22, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  58. ^ "Comercio exterior vol. 1 nº 1. Intercambio Comercial Argentino (ICA). Cifras estimadas de diciembre de 2016" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). January 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  59. ^ "Comercio exterior vol. 3 nº 1. Intercambio comercial argentino. Cifras estimadas de diciembre de 2018" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). January 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  60. ^ "Balanza comercial argentina por secciones de la Nomenclatura Común del Mercosur. Años 2019-2023". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). September 18, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  61. ^ "Comercio exterior. Vol. 8, n° 13. Intercambio comercial argentino. Cifras estimadas de julio 2024" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). August 20, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  62. ^ Guevara (1) and Fitzsimmons (2), Sebasitán (1) and Alejandro (2) (February 2023). "Wages, Price, and Profit: Protection and Value Capture in the Mercosur Automotive Industry". Latin American Perspectives. 50 (5) – via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2015. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-309-37388-3.
  64. ^ "Memoria – Anuario 2023". Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores. 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  65. ^ Tamayo (1), Snowberg (2), and Buitrago (3), Jorge (1), Erik (2), and Jenyfeer Martínez (3) (January 20, 2021). Toyota and Its Labor Union in Argentina. HBS No. 9-721-394. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ "Toyota Argentina can't find 200 new workers who have finished secondary education". MercoPress. August 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  67. ^ "Coletiva de Imprensa Desempenho da Indústria Automobilística Brasileira" (PDF). Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (ANFAVEA). September 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  68. ^ Corso, Pablo (May 21, 2024). "Small inventors lead the charge on EVs in Argentina". Dialogue Earth. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  69. ^ May, Tiana (August 30, 2024). "Argentina: Equipmake to Supply Zero Emission Drivetrains in Agrale Buses". Bus-News. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  70. ^ "Chery Group's August Sales Exceeded 170,000 Vehicles! Overseas Expansion Has Progressed Steadily". Chery International. September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  71. ^ "Institucional: La marca Chery en el país y el mundo". Chery Argentina. September 17, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  72. ^ Goldstein, Steve (May 7, 2024). "Invest in Argentina, Musk says in post alongside Milei". MarketWatch. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  73. ^ "La Universidad Nacional de La Plata quiere poner en marcha su planta de baterías de litio". Periferia. August 26, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  74. ^ "Industria manufacturera, Vol. 8, n° 22 (Julio 2024) Índice de producción industrial manufacturero". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC) de la República Argentina. September 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  75. ^ Centeno, Deivis (March 5, 2024). "Production Restarts At GM Alvear Plant In Argentina". GM Authority. Retrieved September 9, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  76. ^ "Toyota busca reducir 400 puestos de trabajo y lanza plan de retiros voluntarios". ámbito. March 25, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  77. ^ "VW Argentina lays off over 300 workers amid economic struggle". MarkLines. August 24, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Argentina&oldid=1247118775"