Jump to content

Eco-anxiety

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Eco-anxiety (short for ecological anxiety and also known as eco-distress or climate-anxiety) is a challenging emotional response to climate change and other environmental issues.[1] Extensive studies have been done on ecological anxiety since 2007, and various definitions remain in use.[2] The condition is not a medical diagnosis and is regarded as a rational response to the reality of climate change; however, severe instances can have a mental health impact if left without alleviation.[3][4] There is also evidence that eco-anxiety is caused by the way researchers frame their research and their narratives of the evidence about climate change: if they do not consider the possibility of finding any solution to overcome climate change and for individuals to make a difference, they contribute to this feeling of powerlessness.[5]

Eco-anxiety is an unpleasant emotion, though it can also motivate useful behavior such as the gathering of relevant information.[6] Yet it can also manifest as conflict avoidance, or even be "paralyzing".[7] Some people have reported experiencing so much anxiety and fear about the future with climate change that they choose not to have children.[8] Eco-anxiety has received more attention after 2017, and especially since late 2018 with Greta Thunberg publicly discussing her own eco-anxiety.[9][10]

In 2018, the American Psychological Association (APA) issued a report about the impact of climate change on mental health. It said that "gradual, long-term changes in climate can also surface a number of different emotions, including fear, anger, feelings of powerlessness, or exhaustion".[11] Generally this is likely to have the greatest impact on young people. Eco-anxiety that is now affecting young adults has been likened to Cold War fears of nuclear annihilation felt by baby boomers.[12] Research has found that although there are heightened emotional experiences linked with acknowledgement and anticipation of climate change and its impact on society, these are inherently adaptive.[7] Furthermore, engaging with these emotional experiences leads to increased resilience, agency, reflective functioning and collective action. Individuals are encouraged to find collective ways of processing their climate related emotional experiences in order to support mental health and well-being.[13]

Definition

[edit]

A 2021 systematic review found that eco-anxiety had been defined in various different ways; a common feature of the different definitions is that they describe challenging emtional responses to climate change and other environmental issues.[14][1]

The term eco-anxiety is said to have been coined by Glenn Albrecht who defined it as "a chronic fear of environmental doom".[14][15][16] Another widely cited definition is: "the generalized sense that the ecological foundations of existence are in the process of collapse."[9] Some scholars use the term eco-anxiety as a synonym for climate-anxiety, while others like to treat the terms separately.[9] The APA has defined eco-anxiety as"the chronic fear of environmental cataclysm that comes from observing the seemingly irrevocable impact of climate change and the associated concern for one's future and that of next generations".[17]

Prevalence

[edit]
Degrees of concern about the effects of climate change vary with political affiliation.[18]
In 2023, almost six in ten respondents reported that a severe effect of climate change has already occurred where they live, with 38% expecting to be displaced from their homes in the next 25 years because of climate change.[19]

In 2018, surveys conducted in the United States found that between 21%[20] and 29%[21] of Americans said they were "very" worried about the climate, which is double the rate of a similar study in 2015. A Yale 2023 survey found similar results, that climate change is distressing.[22] This concept of climate or ecological anxiety and grief is far-reaching due to the extensive awareness about climate change that is made possible through technology and global communication.[23]

Climate change is an ongoing global threat that is largely characterized by uncertainty and lack of understanding. For this reason, anxiety and grief in humans is a natural and rational response for those feeling fear or a lack of control. For example, these feelings could arise in people who are forced to leave their homes, deal with uncertainty about their future environment, or feel concern for the future harm of their children. Climate grief can be divided into three categories: physical ecological losses, the loss of environmental knowledge, and anticipated future losses.[24]

Prevalence in Children and Young Adults

[edit]

The condition has become especially common among children and young people – in 2021, in some universities, over 70% of students described themselves as suffering from eco-anxiety. However, as of early 2021, validated ways to assess the prevalence of climate or eco-anxiety were not well established.[25][26][27] A September 2021 survey queried 10,000 young people from 10 countries across the world, finding that almost 60% were either very or extremely worried about climate change. Two thirds said they felt sad, afraid and anxious, while close to 40% reported they were hesitant to have children.[28][29]

The people that surround children and young adults, like parents, guardians, teachers, and mentors, can have an impact on how they view climate change. There is research being done about how these groups of people should talk to children and young adults to prevent eco-anxiety in these populations, while still encouraging climate change mitigation practices.[30]

Prevalence in Women

[edit]

An October 2021 report based on polling in the UK found that 78% of people surveyed expressed some degree of eco-anxiety. It found that women (45%) were substantially more likely to report high levels of eco-anxiety compared to men (36%).[31][32] Similar observations have been reported worldwide, including European and African countries.[7] A 2023 study claimed that eco-anxiety is more prevalent in women, because 80% of climate migrants are women.[33] Many women decide whether or not they will have children based on climate change, because climate change is predicted to impact future generations more. A survey conducted by the New York Times in 2018 found that 33% of women that chose not to have children cited climate change as a reason.[33]

Prevalence in Indigenous Peoples

[edit]

Indigenous populations are especially vulnerable to eco-anxiety and other climate-caused emotional responses, because of their reliance on their land and land-based activities for their livelihood and well-being.[34] A 2021 study found that indigenous populations who were exposed to environmental changes associated with climate change, like species loss, droughts, rising temperatures, and erratic weather patterns, were most likely to experience a decrease in mental wellbeing. This decrease can be expressed as eco-anxiety, but also as other climate related emotional responses, like eco-anger.[35]

Symptoms

[edit]

Eco-anxiety can manifest in ways that cause physical symptoms and may exacerbate pre-existing mental health conditions.[36] Symptoms include irritability, sleeplessness, inability to relax, loss of appetite, poor concentration, bouts of weakness, panic attacks, muscle tension and twitching. These symptoms are similar to the symptoms that someone diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder might experience.[37]

These symptoms are common in people who experience eco-anxiety. For example, a 2022 study commissioned by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine reported that "anxieties around climate change and environmental issues" caused insomnia for 70% of Americans.[38]

Other mental and/or emotional symptoms include feelings of hopelessness and powerlessness, distancing oneself from or avoiding the issue, and feeling overwhelmed or suffocated.[37]

Treatment and response

[edit]

The first step for therapists in treating eco-anxiety is realizing that a fearful response to a real condition is not pathological. Eco-anxiety is a completely normal response, even if the client finds it profoundly disturbing. Therapists need to take clients' fears about the situation seriously and "not assume they're a dysfunctional mental health problem or that a person suffering from eco-anxiety is somehow ill." In terms of treatment, individualistic models of mental health are "not designed to deal with collective trauma on a planetary scale".[36]

Various non-clinical treatments, group work options, internet based support forums, and self-help books are available for people suffering from less severe psychological conditions. Some of the psychological impacts require no form of treatment at all, and can even be positive: for example, worry about climate change can be positively related to information-seeking and to a sense of being able to influence such problems.[39]

One way to combat eco-anxiety is through beliefs about the effectiveness of personal actions.[40] Eco-anxiety can be fueled in part by climate change helplessness,[41] a form of learned helplessness applied to climate change fears. Because climate change is such an enormous issue with such dire consequences, an individual's actions may seem to make no difference in combatting the bigger issue. This can demotivate people from taking any pro-environmental at all. But, an intervention advocating for the effectiveness of individual actions can reduce feelings of apathy and anxiety associated with climate change helplessness. When people receive information describing how their personal actions impact the environment, they report less fear of climate change, and intend to make more sustainable choices, showing that climate change helplessness can be treated by beliefs in climate change efficacy.[41]

In general, psychotherapists say that when individuals take action to combat climate change, this reduces anxiety levels by bringing a sense of personal empowerment and feelings of connection with others in the community.[42][43] Many psychologists emphasize that in addition to action, there is a need to build emotional resilience to avoid burnout.[44][45][46][47]

A 2021 literature review found that emotional responses to crisis can be adaptive when the individual has the capacity and support to process and reflect on this emotion. In these cases, individuals are able to grow from their experiences and support others. In the context of climate change, this capacity for deep reflection is necessary to navigate the emotional challenges that both individuals and societies face.[48][49][50]

Further research

[edit]

As eco-anxiety has gained traction and becomes more prevalent, one of the current hot topics in the scientific literature concerns how to define and assess eco-anxiety.[51][52] Other future research may examine and develop ways for people to remain resilient in the face of climate change.[30]

[edit]

In the field of ecopsychology, there are other climate-specific psychological impacts that are less well studied than eco-anxiety. They include, but are not limited to, eco-grief (or eco-depression), eco-anger, eco-guilt, and solastalgia.

Eco-anger

[edit]

Eco-anger is frustration about climate change and the environmental changes that are caused by it. It can also be frustration towards certain groups, corporations, or countries that contribute to climate change. A study that separated the effects of eco-anxiety, eco-depression and eco-anger, found that eco-anger is the best for a person's wellbeing. This study also found that eco-anger is good for motivating participation in actions that combat climate change.[49] A separate report from 2021 found that eco-anger was significantly more common among young people.[53]

Eco-grief

[edit]
After a Blue Origin spaceflight

      It was among the strongest feelings of grief I have ever encountered. The contrast between the vicious coldness of space and the warm nurturing of Earth below filled me with overwhelming sadness. Every day, we are confronted with the knowledge of further destruction of Earth at our hands: the extinction of animal species, of flora and fauna... things that took five billion years to evolve, and suddenly we will never see them again because of the interference of mankind. It filled me with dread. My trip to space was supposed to be a celebration; instead, it felt like a funeral.

William Shatner in his Boldly Go autobiography[54]

Ecological grief (or eco-grief) is "the grief felt in relation to experienced or anticipated ecological losses, including the loss of species, ecosystems, and meaningful landscapes due to acute or chronic environmental change."[55]

Eco-guilt

[edit]

Eco-guilt is "guilt that arises when people think about times they have not met personal or societal standards for environmental behavior."[56] This guilt can take the form of self-criticism, self-blame, self-examination, and/or self-torturing.[57]

Solastalgia

[edit]

Solastalgia is "the distress caused by the transformation and degradation of one's home environment."[58] A 2019 study found that the number of people who experience solastalgia will increase as the rate of climate change also continues to increase. This is due to the fact that more people will see the effects of climate change on their home environments as climate change continues.[58] It is becoming increasingly manifest that only the ecology suffers from climate change but also domains such as historic and cultural heritage, which are closely linked to sentiments of belonging and identity.[59]

Organizations

[edit]

Several psychological organizations have been founded around climate psychology.[60][61][62] Scholars have pointed out that there is a need for a systemic approach to provide various resources for people in relation to the mental health impacts of ecological problems and climate change.[15][63] Some organizations, such as the Royal College of Psychiatrists, provide web based guidance to help caregivers assist children and young adults deal with their eco-anxiety.[3]

Eco-anxiety support groups have also been created locally, nationally, and globally. These groups allow people to discuss their fears about climate change and receive advice from other members on how to address those fears.[64][65] Peer-to-peer support groups have also emerged among individuals who have moved through the stages of grief into acceptance of climate impacts as ongoing and, to some degree, inevitable. Examples includes groups arising from the concepts of Deep adaptation (origin 2018) and Post-doom (origin 2019).[66][67]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Sustaining All Life (2020-02-20). "Healing Our Climate Grief". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
  2. ^ Vakoch, Douglas A.; Mickey, Sam, eds. (2023). Eco-Anxiety and Pandemic Distress: Psychological Perspectives on Resilience and Interconnectness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-762267-4.
  3. ^ a b Dr Catriona Mellor (2020). "Eco distress: for parents and carers". Royal College of Psychiatrists. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  4. ^ Barrett, Eden; Gulliver, Robyn (2024-04-09). "Health and Climate Activism". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
  5. ^ Chiolero, Arnaud (28 January 2023). "Academic Framing as a Cause of Eco-Anxiety". Epidemiologia. 4 (1): 60–62. doi:10.3390/epidemiologia4010006. ISSN 2673-3986. PMC 9944577. PMID 36810453.
  6. ^ Vakoch, Douglas A.; Mickey, Sam, eds. (2022). Eco-Anxiety and Planetary Hope: Experiencing the Twin Disasters of Covid-19 and Climate Change. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-031-08430-0.
  7. ^ a b c Heeren, A.; Mouguiama-Daouda, C.; Contreras, A. (2022). "On climate anxiety and the threat it may pose to daily life functioning and adaptation: a study among European and African French-speaking participants". Climatic Change. 173 (1–2): 15. Bibcode:2022ClCh..173...15H. doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03402-2. PMC 9326410. PMID 35912274.
  8. ^ Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew; Leong, Kit Ling (1 November 2020). "Eco-reproductive concerns in the age of climate change". Climatic Change. 163 (2): 1007–1023. Bibcode:2020ClCh..163.1007S. doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02923-y. ISSN 1573-1480. S2CID 226983864.
  9. ^ a b c Pihkala Panu (2020). "Anxiety and the Ecological Crisis: An Analysis of Eco-Anxiety and Climate Anxiety". Sustainability. 12 (19): 7836. doi:10.3390/su12197836. hdl:10138/348821.
  10. ^ Vaughan, Adam (18 December 2019). "The Year the World Woke up to Climate Change". New Scientist. Vol. 244, no. 3261/62. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  11. ^ Climate Change's Toll On Mental Health Archived 18 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, APA, 29 March 2017
  12. ^ 'Climate grief' takes toll on younger generations Archived 18 October 2020 at archive.today, SC Times, 21 April 2019.
  13. ^ Kieft, J.; Bendell, J (2021). "The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research". Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers. 7: 1–39. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  14. ^ a b Coffey Y, Bhullar N, Durkin J, Islam MS, Usher K (2021-08-01). "Understanding Eco-anxiety: A Systematic Scoping Review of Current Literature and Identified Knowledge Gaps". The Journal of Climate Change and Health. 3: 100047. doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100047.
  15. ^ a b Clayton, Susan; Manning, Christie; Krygsman, Kirra; Speiser, Meighen (March 2017), Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, and Guidance (PDF), American Psychological Association
  16. ^ Inauen, Jennifer; Contzen, Nadja; Frick, Vivan; Kadel, Philipp; Keller, Jan; Kollmann, Josianne; Mata, Jutta; van Valkengoed, Anne M. (2021). "Environmental Issues Are Health Issues". European Psychologist. 26 (3): 219–229. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000438.
  17. ^ "Eco-ansiedade: as sequelas psicológicas da crise climática". Iberdrola. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  18. ^ Saad, Lydia (20 April 2023). "A Steady Six in 10 Say Global Warming's Effects Have Begun". Gallup, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023.
  19. ^ "Global Views on Climate Change" (PDF). Ipsos. November 2023. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2023.
  20. ^ 'Climate grief': The growing emotional toll of climate change NBC News, 24 December 2018
  21. ^ Climate Change in the American Mind: December 2018, Climate Change Communication
  22. ^ "Yale Experts Explain Climate Anxiety | Yale Sustainability". sustainability.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  23. ^ Clayton, Susan (1 August 2020). "Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 74: 102263. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102263. ISSN 0887-6185. PMID 32623280. S2CID 220370112.
  24. ^ Clayton, Susan (1 August 2020). "Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 74: 102263. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102263. ISSN 0887-6185. PMID 32623280. S2CID 220370112.
  25. ^ Alan E Stewart (2021). "Psychometric Properties of the Climate Change Worry Scale". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (2): 494. doi:10.3390/ijerph18020494. PMC 7826965. PMID 33435348.
  26. ^ Judy Wu; Gaelen Snell; Hasina Samji (2020). "Climate anxiety in young people: a call to action". The Lancet. 4 (10): e435–e436. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30223-0. PMID 32918865.
  27. ^ Susan Clayton (2020). "Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 74: 102263. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102263. PMID 32623280. S2CID 220370112.
  28. ^ Roger Harrabin (14 September 2021). "Climate change: Young people very worried - survey". BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  29. ^ Hickman, Caroline; Marks, Elizabeth; Pihkala, Panu; Clayton, Susan; Lewandowski, Eric; Mayall, Elouise; Wray, Britt; Mellor, Catriona; van Susteren, Lise (2021-12-31). "Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: a global survey". Lancet Planetary Health. 5 (12): e863–e873. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00278-3. hdl:10138/337441. ISSN 2542-5196. PMID 34895496.
  30. ^ a b Léger-Goodes, Terra; Malboeuf-Hurtubise, Catherine; Mastine, Trinity; Généreux, Mélissa; Paradis, Pier-Olivier; Camden, Chantal (2022). "Eco-anxiety in children: A scoping review of the mental health impacts of the awareness of climate change". Frontiers in Psychology. 13: 872544. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872544. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 9359205. PMID 35959069.
  31. ^ Toby Helm (31 October 2021). "Eco-anxiety over climate crisis suffered by all ages and classes". The Observer. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  32. ^ Rowenna Davis (October 2021). "A Criis in Common" (PDF). Global Future. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  33. ^ a b Rothschild, Julia; Haase, Elizabeth (February 2023). "Women's mental health and climate change Part II: Socioeconomic stresses of climate change and eco‐anxiety for women and their children". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 160 (2): 414–420. doi:10.1002/ijgo.14514. ISSN 0020-7292. PMID 36254375. S2CID 252970641.
  34. ^ Cunsolo, Ashlee; Harper, Sherilee L.; Minor, Kelton; Hayes, Katie; Williams, Kimberly G.; Howard, Courtney (1 July 2020). "Ecological grief and anxiety: the start of a healthy response to climate change?". The Lancet Planetary Health. 4 (7): e261–e263. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30144-3. ISSN 2542-5196. PMID 32681892.
  35. ^ Vecchio, Emily Ann; Dickson, Michelle; Zhang, Ying (2022-05-01). "Indigenous mental health and climate change: A systematic literature review". The Journal of Climate Change and Health. 6: 100121. doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2022.100121. ISSN 2667-2782. S2CID 246716676.
  36. ^ a b Buzzell, Linda; Chalquist, Craig (2019). It's Not Eco-Anxiety – It's Eco-Fear! A Survey of the Eco-Emotions. www.chalquist.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  37. ^ a b Soutar, Catriona; Wand, Anne P. F. (2022). "Understanding the Spectrum of Anxiety Responses to Climate Change: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Literature". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (2): 990. doi:10.3390/ijerph19020990. PMC 8776219. PMID 35055813.
  38. ^ "Nearly 70% of Americans have lost sleep due to environmental worries". American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  39. ^ Ojala, Maria; Cunsolo, Ashlee; Ogunbode, Charles A.; Middleton, Jacqueline (18 October 2021). "Anxiety, Worry, and Grief in a Time of Environmental and Climate Crisis: A Narrative Review". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 46 (1): 35–58. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-022716. ISSN 1543-5938. S2CID 236307729.
  40. ^ Hammond, Holly (2020-03-02). "Resources to Cope With Climate Anxiety and Grief". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
  41. ^ a b Salomon, Erika; Preston, Jesse L.; Tannenbaum, Melanie B. (2017). "Climate change helplessness and the (de)moralization of individual energy behavior". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 23 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1037/xap0000105. ISSN 1939-2192. PMID 28165276. S2CID 3587153.
  42. ^ Terrified of Climate Change? You Might Have Eco-Anxiety, Time, 21 November 2019
  43. ^ Cossman, Brenda (2013). "Anxiety Governance". Law and Social Inquiry. 38 (4): 892–919. doi:10.1111/lsi.12027. ISSN 0897-6546. JSTOR 24545848. S2CID 232396087.
  44. ^ Davenport, Leslie. (2017). Emotional resiliency in the era of climate change – a clinicians guide. ISBN 978-1-78592-719-5. OCLC 1023251552.
  45. ^ Pihkala, Panu (2019). Climate anxiety. Helsinki: Finnish mental health society.
  46. ^ "Climate change and dealing with burnout | APS". www.psychology.org.au. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  47. ^ "How climate activists avoid burn out". The Ecologist. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  48. ^ Kieft, Jasmine and Bendell, Jem (2021) The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research. Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers Volume 7. University of Cumbria, Ambleside, UK..(Unpublished)
  49. ^ a b Samantha K. Stanley; Teaghan L. Hogg; Zoe Leviston; Iain Walker (2021). "From anger to action: Differential impacts of eco-anxiety, eco-depression, and eco-anger on climate action and wellbeing". The Journal of Climate Change and Health. 1: 100003. doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100003. hdl:1885/296923.
  50. ^ P. Tschakert; N.R.Ellis; C.Anderson; A.Kelly; J.Obeng (2019). "One thousand ways to experience loss: A systematic analysis of climate-related intangible harm from around the world". Global Environmental Change. 55: 58–72. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.006. S2CID 159117696.
  51. ^ Mouguiama-Daouda, C.; Blanchard, M.A.; Coussement, C.; Heeren, A. (2022). "On the Measurement of Climate Change Anxiety: French Validation of the Climate Anxiety Scale". Psychologica Belgica. 62 (1): 123–135. doi:10.5334/pb.1137. PMC 8954884. PMID 35414943.
  52. ^ Clayton, S.; Karazsia, B. (2020). "Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 69: 101434. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101434. S2CID 218969799.
  53. ^ Rowenna Davis (October 2021). "A Crisis in Common" (PDF). Global Future. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  54. ^ Shatner, William (October 6, 2022). "William Shatner: My Trip to Space Filled Me With 'Overwhelming Sadness'". Variety. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022.
  55. ^ Cunsolo, Ashlee; Ellis, Neville R. (April 2018). "Ecological grief as a mental health response to climate change-related loss". Nature Climate Change. 8 (4): 275–281. Bibcode:2018NatCC...8..275C. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0092-2. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 90611076. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  56. ^ Mallett, Robyn K. (2012-09-01). "Eco-Guilt Motivates Eco-Friendly Behavior". Ecopsychology. 4 (3): 223–231. doi:10.1089/eco.2012.0031.
  57. ^ Ágoston, Csilla; Csaba, Benedek; Nagy, Bence; Kőváry, Zoltán; Dúll, Andrea; Rácz, József; Demetrovics, Zsolt (2022). "Identifying Types of Eco-Anxiety, Eco-Guilt, Eco-Grief, and Eco-Coping in a Climate-Sensitive Population: A Qualitative Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (4): 2461. doi:10.3390/ijerph19042461. PMC 8875433. PMID 35206648.
  58. ^ a b Galway, Lindsay P.; Beery, Thomas; Jones-Casey, Kelsey; Tasala, Kirsti (2019). "Mapping the Solastalgia Literature: A Scoping Review Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (15): 2662. doi:10.3390/ijerph16152662. PMC 6696016. PMID 31349659.
  59. ^ Weststeijn, Thijs (28 October 2021). "Must we accept the loss of beloved heritage to the climate crisis? | Aeon Essays". Aeon. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
  60. ^ "Psychology for a Safe Climate". Psychology for a Safe Climate. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  61. ^ "Climate Psychology Alliance – Home". Climate Psychology Alliance. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  62. ^ "Climate Psychiatry Alliance". Climate Psychiatry Alliance. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  63. ^ "Coping with climate change distress | APS". www.psychology.org.au. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  64. ^ "Eco-Anxiety Support Group". Waterspirit. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  65. ^ "Home". Good Grief Network. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
  66. ^ Ahmed, Nahfeez (November 22, 2019). "The Collapse of Civilization May have Already Begun". VICE. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  67. ^ Jones, Lucy (25 April 2023). "Adapt or die: Jem Bendell's radical vision to survive the climate crisis". GQ.
[edit]